The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. December 31 Give Me Liberty! ) 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Learn . This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. They were subsequently executed. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. Gabriel, a blacksmith, was often leased out to work for others; in this more relaxed system, he was able to move more freely and recruit conspirators, a pattern that was only enhanced by the summers revival meetings. \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ Male2302090Female2182448, b. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ The antebellum period of America was an era of change. \quad\text{Chicago Finance Corporation}& \$1,800,000\\ Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. \text{Basic Earnings per Common Share (Based on 1,600,000} \\ After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ Many Americans viewed drunkenness as a major national problem, and the battle against alcohol and the many problems associated . Legal. No Preference For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Was used as an avenue to social advancement and was shared by the early labor movement, which made the establishment of common schools one of its goals. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ Elizabeth Cady Stanton raised the issue of woman's suffrage for the first time, the principal author, modeled the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence - the document added "women" to Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal." \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ The experiment in Liberia proved to be, in many ways, a failure; hundreds died from disease soon after emigrating. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. Required 13 A House Divided - Revi, DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortization, BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000, DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionof, AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectibles, of$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013), LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization, TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Bible Survey- Final EXAM !!!! Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. The movement began in Europe in the 1700s with the growth of the Baptist movement and the foundation of the Methodist church. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. 1. 2. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ 0.080.080.08 The first, in which . Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. Garrison refused to become more moderate in his demands, and The Liberator was published continuously for the next 35 years until the end of slavery in the United States. In particular, English abolitionists were outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the British global empire. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. Consolidated Statement of Income and )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. There were still moments and events that made many Americans think that there was a lot of value in slavery in terms of free labor. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ - the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation There have been many movements over time that has led America to where we are today. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The survey also asked the respondent's gender. This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. Consolidated Balance Sheets Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ White abolitionists tended to see free and slave as two polar opposites; black abolitionists knew that there were varying degrees of freedom and slavery. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ Meanwhile, many doctors were citing large amounts of alcohol as injurious to an individuals health. Participation in the temperance movement was much more socially acceptable than participation in the abolition or womens rights movement. 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to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope