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roman mythology In it two maenads in long patterned robes and wearing jewelry, each with an arm round the other, dance in step towards the god (robed, bearded and holding a wine cup) and offer him a hare and a panther: they hold ivy tendrils. This may have been a Christian burial, and certainly Dionysiac themes are common in early Christian art. women "[127], Martin Winter says that the idea that many commentaries about the widespread use of Greek myths throughout Western culture does not take into account the vast difference between what a modern viewer takes from the story and what it would have meant to an ancient Greek.[128]. [87], Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Oenone" is her lament that Paris deserted her for Helen. pompeii Music is the pure Dionysian artform since it doesn't appeal to our rational mind but rather to our. Roman Goddesses [30] The ship later inspired the John Denver song "Calypso". url = window.location.href;
[79], Andrew Lang rewrote the tale of Perseus as the anonymous "The Terrible Head" in The Blue Fairy Book. Dionysian myths were a rich crop to pluck from: plots introducing Dionysuss divinity can generate a comparable psychological experience on a collective level (Foley, page 58). Bacchus, Liber and Dionysus became virtually interchangeable from the late Republican era ( 133 BC and onward ), and their mystery cults persisted well into the Principate of Roman Imperial era. Silenus is a more complex character, especially as a source of wisdom. The gift to Midas of the golden touch as a reward for his return of Silenus to Dionysus is told by Ovid (Metamorphoses 11. Central to the theme of resistance to the coming of Dionysus is the myth of Pentheus. 530, now in Munich), only 4.5 inches in diameter. His lustful and pastoral aspects are seen in the name-vase of the Pan painter (ca. If we view performance as the ability to draw another identity out of ourselves through the experience of emotion, then the mask represents, or at least assists this process. Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics,13(2), 77-116. Poussin several times painted The Nurture of Bacchus: one version (ca. 530 B.C., now in Paris) is a fine example. Greek Cults And performs Dionysus' cleaning rituals high on the mountains, [82][unreliable source? Dionysus was the son of Zeus, chief deity of the ancient Greek pantheon, and Semele, a daughter of Cadmus (king of Thebes). False. [11] As of December 2012[update] the European Central Bank had plans to incorporate Greek mythological figures into the designs used on its bank notes. The true meaning of the word "history". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [84] Works of Alexander Pope, such as "The Rape of the Lock", parody classical works, even as the income from his translations of Homer allowed him to become "the first English writer to earn a living solely through his literature. 460 B.C., now in Boston), where he is shown pursuing a shepherd: his uninhibited lust makes all the more poignant the painting of the Death of Actaeon on the other side of the same vase (see Chapter 10 above), where the mortal is punished with a horrible death for his unwitting violation of the chaste privacy of the goddess Artemis. Alternatively in that same article it was suggested that women whose socio-biological status is in a situation of flux or uncertainty are more vulnerable to peripheral possession and more in need of its therapeutic advantage than are women whose social status is relatively assured (Kraemer, 1979, p. 79). Max and Moritz - Principal characters of the book of the same name written by Wilhelm Busch in 1865. Perhaps one of the most spiritually significant ancient Thracian sites at the time was the Sanctuary of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine-making, fertility, and ritual madness. "[89], In "The Waste Land", T. S. Eliot incorporates a range of elements and inspirations from Greek mythology to pop music to Elizabethan history to create a "tour-de-force exposition of Western culture, from the elite to the folk to the utterly primitive. The wine affects not only inhibitions, it also affects sight. Athenians were punished with impotence for dishonouring the gods cult. Elements appropriated or incorporated include the gods of varying stature, humans, demigods, titans, giants, monsters, nymphs, and famed locations. [33], The Gaia hypothesis proposes that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a self-regulating, complex system that contributes to maintaining the conditions for life on the planet. featured These Dionysia (Bacchanalia) quickly won converts among women. Thus Poussin contrasts the life-giving fertility of Dionysus with the sterility of Narcissus self-love. A complex deity, Dionysus played two very different roles in Greek mythology.
Maximn - A cunning deity in modern Mayan tradition. women in antiquity Change). His many aliases confirm his identity as the masked god, as is shown in The Bacchae (see: The Plays). This article was most recently revised and updated by, From Athena to Zeus: Basics of Greek Mythology, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dionysus, National Geographic - Dionysus, Greek god of wine and revelry, was more than just a 'party god', Dionysus - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Dionysus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Roman sarcophagus depicting the Triumph of Dionysus and the Seasons, Greek kylix depicting Dionysus in a sailboat. A special example of the epiphany of Dionysus is his appearance to the sailors as narrated in the seventh Homeric Hymn. All these images appear in postclassical art with great frequency. Like the myth of Ariadne, the vine of Dionysus has been important in Christian art.
Euripides contemporaries hated this play like parents in the sixties hated Led Zeppelin. The youthful, beautiful, but effeminate god of wine. The Ancient Greeks believed that the effects felt from drinking wine were a god inside them, altering and freeing them; thus, the liberal quantities of wine consumed at the Dionysia. In this case the mask becomes the mediator between your interior self and this new character being created with the mask. Performances of tragedy and comedy in Athens were part of two festivals of Dionysus, the Lenaea and the Great (or City) Dionysia. Pentheus, by Dionysus suggestion chooses to dress as a female bacchant so that he will not be recognized while spying. Sea Farers, Sex Workers and the Goddess of Love. [3][need quotation to verify] The Greek myths spread beyond the Hellenistic world when adopted into the culture of ancient Rome, and Western cultural movements have frequently incorporated them ever since,[4] particularly since the Renaissance. This article compared a study of Caribbean and African womens possession cults by a someone called Lewis to ancient Greek women: Lewis suggests that the system is able to function precisely because the men recognize, at least up to a point, the legitimacy of the womens grievances and thus permit the syndrome to go on (Kraemer, 1979, p.76). One of the great Greek tragic playwrights, Euripides died in 406 B.C.E., the year before The Frogs 's first performance. The lid of the Indian Triumph sarcophagus ca. Bacchic revels were a favourite subject of vase painters. Dionysus often took on a bestial shape and was associated with various animals. 225 A.D., now in New York), in which the young Dionysus, seated and half-robed, is shown flanked by four young men representing the fruitfulness of the seasons. At this point I hope we are all thinking the same thing, that the notion that a womans culture might unproblematically link people of different races or classes [must be] rigorously questioned. url = window.location.href;
But, its more likely that womens grievances arent a syndrome at all. [27][28] The element promethium also draws its name from Greek mythology,[27][28] as does titanium, which was named after the titans who in mythology were locked away far underground, which reflected the difficulty of extracting titanium from ore.[29], Oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau named his research ship, a former British Royal Navy minesweeper, RV Calypso after the sea nymph Calypso. Athenian Identity, Dionysiac Festivals and the Theatre. A Different God? The myth of Dionysus is often related to drunkenness, festivities, and a lack of limits. Beginning in the sixties, Dionysus was also revisited by everyone (like actually, founder of, For the first time, in the post classical west, a growing number of productions of the, Playwrights began to explore gender rolesby re-casting the elements of the, More recently, a modern take on the late nineteenth century novella, In ancient and contemporary drama, albeit myth or theatre, men have long been considered the aggressive sex, while women have historically been viewed as the passive sex, and men and womens social roles have been used as evidence to justify this behavioural dichotomy (Hersh, 1992, p.413). Citizen Bacchae. D. If Greek tragedy was as influential on later writers as is commonly assumed. Out of jealousy, Hera, the wife of Zeus, persuaded the pregnant Semele to prove her lovers divinity by requesting that he appear in his real person. Dionysus was then conveyed by the god Hermes to be brought up by the bacchantes (maenads, or thyiads) of Nysa, a purely imaginary spot. hostToCompare = 'https://global.oup.com';
Oxford: Oxford . In Dionysian Theater there were no professional actors. priestesses The Canadair CP-107 Argus of the Royal Canadian Air Force is named in honor both of the hundred-eyed Argus Panoptes (the "all seeing") and of Odysseus' dog Argus - the only one to identify Odysseus upon his return home.[26]. midwifery Poussins painting The Birth of Bacchus (1657, in Cambridge, Massachusetts: see Chapter 12, above), shows Zeus (Jupiter) in the heavens being ministered to by Hebe, while Hermes delivers the infant to the nymphs of Nysa, watched by other nymphs, who will also be his nurses. ], The Italian poet Dante Alighieri used characters from the legend of Troy in his Divine Comedy, placing the Greek heroes in hell to show his contempt for their actions. Culture The Falliforia: Dionysus is Celebrated Across Greece By Elyse Welles | 1 min ago ATHENS, Greece - Drums beat a steady rhythm as a giant red phallus, seven feet tall and two feet in diameter, is carried out into the circle of dancing maenads and satyrs. Background and Development The Bacchanalia were Roman festivals of Bacchus, the Greco-Roman god of wine, freedom, intoxication and ecstasy. He is shown alone, holding a cup and staff, in a red-figure vase (ca. Dionysus divine qualities of ekstasis create him as a god who, through removing one from themselves, removes women from their traditional gendered roles, which would have women remain home and unseen weaving at the loom. As the god of fertility, he was closely linked with crops, the harvest, and the changing of the seasons. An ancient Indian dance, which was developed around 500 BC and is still practiced today, is called: Bharata Natyam Alwin Nikolais, a forerunner in the post-modern dance movement, utilized untraditional music (referred to as sound scores) as well as pedestrian movements. This creates a phenomenon of doubling, which is interrelated to masking. Today, this village is known for its white Pentelic marble, a material extensively quarried only a few hundred meters away from the ancient Dionysus sanctuary and used in the restoration works on . Just as common as Dionysus himself are representations of his thiasos, or entourage. Dionysus, robed, reclines in the ship, round whose mast a grape-laden vine entwines itself. Dionysus Rising was written in the early 18th Century by the First Earl of Rosse, Richard Parsons, a notorious libertine and founding member of the Irish chapter of the infamous Hell-Fire Club. Dionysus, the ancient Greek god of wine, often seems a familiar, likable figure, perhaps because wine and its associated rituals are such a characteristic ingredient of our own modern-day existence.Like other deities, Dionysus appears in human form and is credited with divine powers; yet thanks to his love of drinking, dancing, music and uninhibited merry-making with free-spirited friends, he . Herrero de Juregui, M., Jimnez San Cristbal, Ana Isabel, Bernab Pajares, Alberto, & Martin Hernndez, Raquel. Equally mysterious is Giovanni Bellinis Feast of the Gods (1514, now in Washington, D.C.: see Chapter 5 above), in which Dionysus, Silenus, and a satyr all appear. Unfortunately, for Pentheus, Dionysus does not share his lack of imagination for plotting punishments. Vol. In my opinion it still is, and if you havent read it, you really should. Dionysus was the god of the grape harvest, orchards, fruit, vegetation, and fertility. (1st ed. The Drama to 1642, Part Two, "The Architects is a very modern play steeped in Greek mythology", "Hadestown Musical Sets Broadway Dates and Theatre", "Wearing its holiday finest, former Bass Mansion on USF campus open to public -", "MGR Memorial to wear a new look with added wings", "Slough Feg - Atavism - 2005 - Cruz Del Sur", "Mother of Muses: From Mnemosyne to Elvis, Talking Heads to Leonard Cohen | Untold Dylan", "Helen or Penelope? An exceptionally fine one is The Indian Triumph of Dionysus (ca. As the god of fertility, he was closely linked with crops, the harvest, and the changing of the seasons. One thing that is clear, is how when the posse arrives [Dionysus and his women followers, that is], violence begins. Of all the old Greek and Roman gods, Dionysus (also known as Bacchus and Liber Pater) may be the most underestimated and misrepresented in the minds of modern-day people. (Mythos Eikon Poiesis). In Greco-Roman religion, Dionysus is a nature god of fruitfulness and vegetation, especially known as a god of wine and ecstasy. Or another answer, could be like that one floating around in the seventies that suggested that the death and dismemberment of Pentheus reflects the inversion of their [the bacchant womens] maternal loyalties- the slaughter of Pentheus [as] the vicarious slaughter of each womans own offspring (Kraemer, 1979, p. 67). Iraq. Such ships include:[21][22], The Royal Australian Navy continued this tradition;[23][24] it also has a training facility in Victoria called HMAS Cerebus.[25]. Roman fresco depicting Pentheus being torn by maenads, (taken from Wikimedia commons), Pompeii. Dionysos is defined as the god of wine, festivity, vegetation, pleasure, and divine intoxication. 1505, now in Cambridge, Massachusetts) and The Discovery of Honey (now in Worcester, Massachusetts), both based on Ovid's Fasti (3.734-45). He was the god of wine, which was a very important part of the culture of ancient Greece. "[9][83] Euphrosyne, Hymen and Hebe appear in his L'Allegro. The use of Greek mythology in children's television shows is credited with helping to bring "the great symbols of world literature and art" to a mass audience of children who would otherwise have limited exposure. This article compared a study of Caribbean and African womens possession cults by a someone called Lewis to ancient Greek women: Lewis suggests that the system is able to function precisely because the men recognize, at least up to a point, the legitimacy of the womens grievances and thus permit the syndrome to go on (Kraemer, 1979, p.76). home
180 A.D., still in place). In early Christian art (especially in mosaics) the vine appears as an allegory or symbol of eternal life, in part because of Christs saying "I am the true vine" (John 15:17). Pentheus, by Dionysus suggestion chooses to dress as a female bacchant so that he will not be recognized while spying. Fax: (401) 863-9423
course members 2008 299-3. Dionysus, like Apollo and Heracles, is one of the most frequently represented figures in ancient and postclassical art. The gods chariot is drawn by panthers, and he is preceded by satyrs, maenads, sileni, and elephants, lions, and other animals. If Pentheus still had his head, Im sure he would agree. Because the actor can stay unrevealed, not only is he liberated, but the audience has the ability, by imagination, to create something better than the actor. In the play, the women who serve Dionysus take on certain male roles, if not male characteristics (Lyons, p.109).
These plays implicitly assert, [how] women are equally capable of violence, but theirs serves a function different from male violence in disrupting, rather than reifying, the stability of the social order by calling attention to societies fundamental cleavage along gender lines(Hersh, 1992, p. 422). Titians Bacchus and Ariadne (ca. A. For the first time, in the post classical west, a growing number of productions of the Bacchae began to appear on both western and non-western stages in response to complex social and political transitions (Foley, 2019, p. 162). ancient women Redefining Dionysos. Nowadays, Dionysus is mostly remembered as a toga-wearing (though he . [44], A "Medea complex" is sometimes used to describe parents who murder or otherwise harm their children.[45]. Their husbands resistance notwithstanding, women took to the hills, wearing fawn skins and crowns of ivy and shouting the ritual cry, Euoi! Forming thyai (holy bands) and waving thyrsoi (singular: thyrsus; fennel wands bound with grapevine and tipped with ivy), they danced by torchlight to the rhythm of the aulos (double pipe) and the tympanon (handheld drum). The Women of Amphissaby Lawrence Alma Tadema (taken from Wikimedia commons). There is a Dionysus Wine and Spirits Company, Dionysus Salon and Spa, and Dionysus . Dionysus was thus a fully Greek god, whose popularity has spanned different time periods and guises; he is depicted as both a beautifully effeminate, long-haired youth and a corpulent, bearded. Roman name: Bacchus. Depictions of Dionysus in Art. There analysis between Apollo and Dionysus is different when it comes to the ancient arts and modern arts. Many Greek myths have been adapted into modern novels, movies, TV shows and video games. [18] The United States Navy has commissioned over a dozen ships named from Greek mythology. Poussin recreated the classical motif in the painting of A Nymph Carried by a Satyr (ca. Helios (Lubbock), 46(1), 57-73.
Nathaniel, Desrosiers. This is the theme of a sarcophagus from the cemetery under St. Peters basilica in the Vatican (ca. antiquity A god, Dionysus, was honored with a festival called City Dionysia. Euripides It's at once about Dionysus and his festival (reflecting the ideological, socially improving function of tragic performance in Athenian culture from the late sixth century onward) and about reading and what would come, in later times, to be called criticism - a play that pits poet against poet (Aeschylus, the master of the old tradition of the The women in Duffys play misidentify another woman to be a male spy, and end up killing her, only then to realize what they have done (Duffy, 1969). In early Greek art he was represented as a bearded man, but later he was portrayed as youthful and effeminate. Dionysus. idk. hostToCompare = 'https://global.oup.com';
Myths like the, In my opinion, in media and pop culture and all their various forms, violence [continues to] remain a distinctly and perhaps mythically gendered category (Hersh, 1992, p. 418). Artemis (Carson, 2017) The Bacchae is telling the story of a man who cannot admit he would rather live in the skin of a woman, and a god who seems to combine all sexualities into a single ruinous demand for adoration. Telephone: (401) 863-3188
project athena All this is important because of the nature of mimesis. In 186 bce the celebration of Bacchanalia was prohibited in Italy. hippocratic A Companion to Euripides. . The occurrence of his name on a Linear B tablet (13th century bce) shows that he was already worshipped in the Mycenaean period, although it is not known where his cult originated. Dionysus was the patron of winemaking and winemakers, and so too of higher culture. Cacoyannis, Michael. Maenads appear in innumerable vase paintings, usually with the god or in association with satyrs: the early painting by the Amasis painter (ca. He is known for his close relationship with wine and ekstasis (removing one from themselves), but he is also a ladies man. Where gender disparity thrives, Dionysus shall follow. [12], In 1795 the American colonial revolutionary Thomas Greenleaf titled his New York newspaper The Argus[13] The myth of Dionysus arrival to make Ariadne his bride was also frequently represented. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. ), sometimes alone, as on the east pediment of the Parthenon at Athens (where the god seated on an animal skin and has also been interpreted as Heracles), sometimes with Ariadne (see below). Modern Drama, 35(3), 409-423. (2013). Mikalson, Jon D. (2009). [17], The United States military has drawn on Greek mythology to name equipment such as the Nike missile project. On a red-figure vase (ca. Their use can range from a brief allusion to the use of an actual Greek character as a character in a work. The word "theatre" is derived from the Greek word "theatron", meaning the seating section of outdoor arenas where people watched plays. The point here is not to offer some therapeutic (the therapeutic obsession of modern culture is unseemly), but rather concepts which may aid . In his myths, such as the, resistance towards the god is echoed in Pentheus, who in the, But it is true, the bacchants do conduct themselves relatively peacefully, (aside from their hunting escapades, which is a whole other thing) until they catch Pentheus spying on them. Euripides our contemporary (Plays and Playwrights). In Greek mythology, Dionysus is the Olympian God of fertility, wine, wine-making, madness and festivity.He is the God of viticulture and grapes, connected to the growth and harvest of the fruit.With wine being an integral part of ancient Greek culture and festivity, Dionysus was among the more popular deities, and his cults were the main religious focus during the production and consumption of . Archaeology Priestess of Bacchus (taken from Wikimedia commons). It is shown on the wall mosaic of Christus Apollo in the Vatican cemetery (see Chapter 11), and the vine and the vintage are repeatedly shown in the mosaics of the fourth century A.D. on the vaults of the church of Santa Costanza in Rome, built to house the sarcophagi of the emperor Constantines mother and family. Greek Women Modern culture definition: A culture is a particular society or civilization , especially considered in relation to. Euripides created women whose strength, for good or for bad, [guaranteed] their survival on the modern stage (Walton, J. Michael, 2014, p.61). At the direction of Hera, the infant Zagreus/Dionysus was torn to pieces, cooked, and eaten by the evil Titans. "[78], In Irish literature, writers such as Seamus Heaney have used the Greek myths to "intertextualize" the actions of the British Government. home Ancient Evidence for the Sanctuary ancient greek women Dionysus or Dionysos is the Ancient Greek god of wine, the inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, and a major figure of Greek mythology. Well, hes Dionysus. Modern Cult of Dionysus 540, now in London) shows him flanked by two ithyphallic satyrs carrying two maenads, one of whom plays the double flute and one the castanets. His own rites the Dionysian Mysterieswere the most secretive of all (See also Maenads) Maureen Duffys play, Rites, presents the misidentification of a male spy on women in a modern restroom. [3] [need quotation to verify] The Greek myths spread beyond the Hellenistic world when adopted into the culture of ancient Rome, and Western cultural movements have frequently . [8] Along with the Bible and the classics-saturated works of Shakespeare, the myths of Greece and Rome have been the major "touchstone" in Western culture for the past 500 years. He was guided by Prosymnus (or Polymnus), who agreed that Dionysus keeps him as his lover. Goff, Barbara. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He was the divinity of excess, transformation, and the irrational. Remarkable re-creations of the youthful Dionysus are the marble statue of Bacchus by Michelangelo (1575, now in Florence) and the painting Bacchus by Caravaggio (ca. The myth of Dionysus arrival from the east (vividly narrated in the first chorus of the Bacchae) was frequently portrayed in relief sculptures on sarcophagi. (LogOut/ projects 2008 470 B.C., now in Berlin) by the Syleus painter, Theseus leaves Ariadne as Athena gestures towards him, behind Athena, Dionysus (robed and bearded) leads Ariadne away. [16] Australia commemorated the laying of an underwater cable linking the Australian mainland to the island of Tasmania with a stamp featuring an image of Amphitrite. But his heart was saved by Athena, and he (now Dionysus) was resurrected by Zeus through Semele. The Dionysiac Thiasos: Satyrs and Maenads. After 30 years John Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off has achieved a status of its own as a pop culture . One of the most beautiful of all Greek vase paintings is on the kylix by Exekias (ca. In ancient and contemporary drama, albeit myth or theatre, men have long been considered the aggressive sex, while women have historically been viewed as the passive sex, and men and womens social roles have been used as evidence to justify this behavioural dichotomy (Hersh, 1992, p.413). In essence you are taking your persona out of your consciousness and finding the other within to exhibit in performance, symbolized by the mask. Alternate titles: Bacchus, Bromios, Liber Pater, Taurokeros, Tauroprosopos. [91], Nina Kosman published a book of poems inspired by Greek myths created by poets of the twentieth century from around the world which she intended to show not only the "durability" of the stories but how they are interpreted by "modern sensibility. 85-193), whose narrative is the inspiration for Poussins painting of Midas Bathing in the River Pactolus (1629, now in New York), which does not focus on the usual interpretation of the myth as an allegory of foolish greed. In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Zagreus (Greek: ) was sometimes identified with a god worshipped by the followers of Orphism, the "first Dionysus", a son of Zeus and Persephone, who was dismembered by the Titans and reborn. The resistance and punishment of Lycurgus is the theme of a "cage-cup" (carved from a single piece of green translucent glass, that shows red when a light is placed behind it) of the fourth century A.D. (now in London). The gods drank it too. But it is true, the bacchants do conduct themselves relatively peacefully, (aside from their hunting escapades, which is a whole other thing) until they catch Pentheus spying on them. All plays were performed by chosen Athenian citizens (again, ALL MALES). Why is Dionysus described as being born twice? 1630, now in Kassel). SBL Press. Dionysus is known as a god of ecstasy, wine, and intoxication. 550 B.C., now in Bloomington, Indiana). Greek Mythology Carlevale, J. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); He is known for his close relationship with wine and, Dionysus is also distinguished as one divinity who is shrouded in gender ambiguity. As a result, we might ask whether we have forgotten about Dionysus. Iphis: LGBTQ+ Representation in Ovid and Beyond, The Villainization of Medea and Medusa in Ancient Art and Literature, Lysistrata: Classic and ModernizedTheatre, Agnodice: A Brief History of Women inMedicine. Like most interpretive tools, the concept of womens culture is most powerful when it is put to work within a model of the entire society in question to account for the specifics of different womens lives within that society. (Goff, 2004, p.228). Ramona Reeves and Lynn Odell in director Brad Mays stage production ofEuripidesThe Bacchae,(taken from Wikimedia commons), 1997, Los Angeles. Christian art, holding a cup and staff, in a red-figure vase ( ca of Humanities and Goddess! Nike missile project Cults and performs Dionysus & # x27 ; t appeal to our from Greek.. Priestess of Bacchus ( taken from Wikimedia commons ) might ask whether we forgotten... Male roles, if not male characteristics ( Lyons, p.109 ) meaning of the Pan painter (.... 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