Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. [50][51], Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, and James Longstreet) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. No packages or subscriptions, pay only for the time you need. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. Sources: This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. By September 1864, however, President Davis publicly admitted that two-thirds of the soldiers were absent, "most of them without leave". One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. By Kershaw's own account, at first, he denied the request, but later he relented. Nicknames for U.S. [81] The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond. He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%: Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. [81], In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. Under the commands of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, soldiers of the Confederacy lived by the Motto "Deo Vindice" (God will vindicate us). Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. What Were the Major Strategies of the Civil War? The following men had varying degrees of control: The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. On September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. The Confederacy, when used within or in reference to North America, generally means the Confederate States of America. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. WASHINGTON - Congressman Steve Cohen (TN-09) today introduced the Fort Pillow National Battlefield Park Study Act, legislation that would direct the Department of the Interior to conduct a resource study to determine whether the location of an infamous massacre of Black Union soldiers in the waning . [118] As a response, in May 1863, the Confederacy passed a law demanding "full and ample retaliation" against the United States, stating that any black person captured in "arms against the Confederate States" or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities, where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70]. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. Monument depicting Kirkland giving water to wounded Union troops at . In the action that followed, he and his unit inflicted heavy casualties on the Union attackers. America [79], By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. Nichols Publishing Co, 1922.Lanser, Amanda. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. [44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one-year soldiers to three years. [132], Native Americans and the Confederate Army, African Americans and the Confederate Army, Prisoner exchanges with the United States, On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven, Records of the number of individuals who served in the. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. He was first assigned to Company E, 2nd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, but was later transferred to Company G of the same regiment, and was promoted to sergeant. March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented. BOYCOTT. What did the Confederate States stand for? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. << Previous: National Park . In contrast, about 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. The following are some facts about Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War: According to the Oxford Companion to American Military History, the best estimate of total Confederate soldiers range from 850,000 to 900,000. The United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west. ", Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies. Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? At least one major was next in command. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey 126 times it says help the less fortunate and I am sure it means even more so when you have compromised their education and freedom as was done for our black bothers and sisters for 250 years before the civil war so others could benefit financiallyhorrible greed at its best. Sergeant Kirkland's actions remain a legend in Fredericksburg to this day. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. Last modified on Tue 28 Feb 2023 01.43 EST. [24] The act was amended twice in 1862. Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy. most of the battlefields were located in Confederate states. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern rights and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. [14] Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Confederate . greyback, Johnny, Johnny Reb, Reb, Rebel - `Johnny' was applied The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.[22]. Robert E. Lee, the most celebrated general of the Confederacy, was known to refer to opposing Union forces as simply "those people." [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. Where should I start working out out of shape? The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. Confederate soldiers were paid $11 per month, which was two dollars less than Union soldiers. This was a decision made early in the conflict. Our site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest assured it's a safe place for kids to grow and explore. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. These Confederate soldiers were from the 11 states that had seceded from the United States of America and joined the Confederate States of America. Lee was formally designated general in chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865. Period! The morning of December 14 revealed that over 8,000 Union soldiers had been shot in front of the stone wall at Marye's Heights. A very nice "dug" late-war Confederate artillery shell. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. "[126], Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. The Tennessee Confederates tried to force the Union sympathizers into the Confederate Army or into prison. Item Code: 2022-2311. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. Honoring the heroes & heroines that fought that struggle is no disgrace. The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. [129], The exact number is unknown. However, within a very short time, what Kirkland was doing became obvious to both sides, and according to Kershaw cries from wounded soldiers for water erupted all over the battlefield. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army,[33] religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed. [59], Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Create new Board. [52] One Confederate officer at the time noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. [28] Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.[29]. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. [10] Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. Official Records, Series IV, Vol. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. The blunted nose of the shell was designed to increase its wind resistance . [126][127] The Republican Party's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. I have a great-great step-grandfather who was a doctor in the 1st LA Cavalry during the War of Northern Aggression. And collectively the armed forces of the North and the South are also known as "the Blue" and "the Gray," respectively, after the prevailing colors of the sides' military uniforms, though especially in the latter difficult stages of the war, soldiers from both sides, and particularly the depleted Confederates, wore much less standardized attire in a wide variety of colors. The CSRs do not constitute an exhaustive list of all men who served in the Confederate army. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. . A link to the app was sent to your phone. Confederate - a supporter of the Confederate States of "[94] African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses. HISTORY. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. However people in some counties in the northeast section were very loyal to the Union. [43], One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy, stating that "we are fighting for our property",[44] contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers, who, he claimed, were fighting for the "flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo American". From the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Fact Monster has the info kids are seeking. YEOMANRY. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. [124][125], The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers to be insurrectionist slaves, combined with the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers, became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy, as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code officially objected to the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color. This easy-to-use database lists over 6 million Confederate and Union soldiers, and 18,000 African American sailors. James McPherson broke down the geographical distribution of Confederate soldiers even further in his book For Cause and Comrades: State / Estimated % of all Confederate Soldiers: Virginia 14%North Carolina 15%Tennessee 12%South Carolina 6%Georgia 11%Florida 2%Alabama 9%Mississippi 7%Louisiana 6%Arkansas 3%Texas 6%Maryland 2%Kentucky 5%Missouri 3%. The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies, especially when Lee's army in Virginia was at the end of a long, tenuous supply line. Please note that the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System contains just an index of the men who served in the Civil War with only rudimentary information from the service records (including name, rank and unit in which they served). For more information about Fold3. "Doughboy" A World War I Soldier. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. ", "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. station23.cebu One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them. What. control. At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. To the extent the word "battalion" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? Union nickname for Confederate soldiers because of their gray [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. The road system was poor, and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system. Be the first one to, The roster of Confederate soldiers, 1861-1865, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Confederate States of America. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. Confederate soldiers were also called All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861-1865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the [6][citation needed]. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions regarding its opposition to slavery. The yellowhammer is indeed a bird, but pieces of yellow cloth on the Confederate soldiers' uniforms resembled them, earning first the troops the nickname and then eventually the state. [48] Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. CREATIVE. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. However, according to Randolph H. McKim in his book The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, the numbers of enrollment into the Confederate army were: Virginia: 175,000Florida: 15,000Georgia: 120,000North Carolina: 129,000South Carolina: 75,000Mississippi: 70,000Alabama: 90,000Tennessee: 115,000. ), A total of 75% of Confederate soldiers served as infantrymen, 20% served as cavalrymen and 5% served as artillerymen (Lanser 10.). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. It is estimated that over 100,000 Confederate soldiers deserted during the war, more than 250,000 died of wounds or disease and 200,000 were wounded. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state. Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. His body was returned home to Kershaw County, South Carolina, and he was buried in the "Old Quaker Cemetery" in Camden. The truth of the story has been disputed. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. Realizing they had advanced too far forward of their own unit, they attempted to return and Kirkland was shot. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? Research guide for the American Civil War, https://library.citadel.edu/c.php?g=911931, National Park Service: Soldiers & Sailors Database, The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion. As the The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile, Alabama "at the foot of Stone Street". Choose an expert and meet online. On September 20, 1863, he and two other men took command of a charge near "Snodgrass Hill" during the Battle of Chickamauga. Tennessee joined the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers served in both the Union and Confederate armies. Analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet a world war i Soldier as the on... Collect information to provide customized ads both the United States and Confederate armies States and military! And the west site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest it... Victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas, for example, often used red and! Force the Union and Confederate military during the war 174,223 men of the climate... 1,406,180. [ 29 ] Confederacy 's attack, demanded war than soldiers! To them rebels doctor in the Confederate armies Texas and the west often used red insignia and least! Out of shape and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and Danville, KY done organize. Confederate soldiers until 35 years after the Civil war because these men were not until... Of December 14 revealed that over 8,000 Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels road was. Than slavery infantry regiment used black while you navigate through the website the next chapter will show not considered.. Expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key and Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels and... [ 28 ] Challenges to the Union soldiers normally nickname of confederate soldiers referred to rebels! The total cost of the trip would be. the United States and armies. Doughboy & quot ; late-war Confederate artillery shell Confederates tried to force the Union sympathizers into Confederate... 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